![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() The aging‐ or longevity‐related GWAS have generated few loci, perhaps due to the complexity of the phenotype and the lack of bona fide biomarkers of aging. A full list of genetic risk factors identified by GWAS of AD can be found in Karch and Goate ( 2015). Other genetic risk loci related to AD can be classified into different functional pathways, including β‐amyloid precursor protein loading and sequential cleavage ( APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2), cholesterol metabolism ( CLU and ABCA7), immune response ( CR1, CD33, MS4A, and TREM2), endocytosis ( BIN1, PICALM, CD2AP, EPHA1, and SORL1), and others ( PLD3). Among the three common alleles (ε2, ε3, and ε4), APOEε4 is associated with increased AD risk, while APOEε2 is associated with decreased AD risk (Strittmatter et al., 1993). However, the identification of apolipoprotein E ( APOE), the strongest risk factor for sporadic AD, well preceded the age of high‐throughput sequencing. With the advent of next‐generation sequencing and genomewide association studies (GWAS), more than 20 risk loci of AD were identified (Karch & Goate, 2015). Although much research has been devoted to biochemical mechanisms of pathogenic events induced by Aβ42 and abnormal tau, the actual cause of AD is still an open question. Other phenotypes of AD include neuronal dystrophy, reactive astrogliosis, synapse loss, and vascular alterations. Amyloid plaques are also not unusual in normal brain aging. Meanwhile, NFTs are universally found in all aged people and abnormally phosphorylated tau protein is already present in young individuals who do not have AD (Braak & Tredici, 2011). Given the fact that Alzheimer's disease is one of the best known aging‐linked diseases, in this review, we examine how AD is linked to aging and how the research in the two fields could impact and inspire each other, at the molecular, cellular, and system level.Īlzheimer's disease was first described by the psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1907 as a disease that manifested extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain, composed of abnormally folded amyloid‐β42 (Aβ42) and tau proteins, as the most pathologically important phenotypic hallmarks. With the growing aging population and increasing burden of health care for people with AD, research on this disease is rapidly expanding. Learn how to manage your blood sugar especially if you have diabetes.Aging is the time‐dependent physiological functional decline that is also the most profound risk factor for many noninfectious diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are many ways for older adults to get involved in their community. How much sleep do you need? It depends on your age. ![]() A third of American adults report that they usually get less sleep than the recommended amount. Instead, it’s about a lifestyle that includes healthy eating and regular physical activity. Healthy weight isn’t about short-term dietary changes. CDC studies show physical activity can improve thinking, reduce risk of depression and anxiety and help you sleep better. Tens of millions of American adults have high blood pressure, and many do not have it under control. Maintain a healthy blood pressure level.Quitting smoking now may help maintain brain health and can reduce your risk of heart disease, cancer, lung disease, and other smoking-related illnesses. High blood pressure may increase your risk of dementia. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |